Gay Filipino In History Introduction

We have known so many men and women in Philippine history which tells of their exploits, heroism, accomplishments and contributions to helped us win our independence and freedom from tyranny, build our nation but most of all gives color to the Pearl of the Orient history.

While we know the stories of some Filipino individuals in history whose contribution or significant body of work gives an indelible mark which makes a big difference and impact through time, some other Filipinos unknown and unheard of by many of today's generations also made some impact and for a time make some noteworthy buzz worthy to be mentioned and be known in our nation's long journey to what we are today. 

Aside from the stories of the unknown straight Filipino men and women there are also members of the gay community in history whose stories are also quite interesting to tell and be heard of. We will now know their unheard stories which can also amuse us and inspire us to be courageous and motivate us to do great now and in the future. 

In the succeeding series, Ocean Breeze blog will feature some of these colorful personalities who made an imprint in our annals chapter of courageous act, heroism and greatness.

Unknown Filipino Heroes Introduction

 

Soon I will be featuring some of the Philippines little known unheralded heroes from the past till the present day which the Ocean Breeze blog believes deserves to be honored and worthy of recognition and attention which contributed significantly in our nation's history and/or have inspired so many Filipinos to be a little hero of their own selves. Their life story that were rarely discussed or featured will be read and known here in Ocean Breeze blog. 

Philippine Presidential Inaugurations Quick Facts

On June 30, 2016 is the 16th Presidential Inauguration and Oath Taking of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte as well as the 14th Vice-Presidential Inauguration and Oath Taking of Vice-President Maria Leonor Gerona Robredo.

Here are some quick facts about Philippine Presidential Inauguration:

1

   * This is the first time a president-elect and vice president-elect will be sworn into office separately.
   * There has been one inauguration held in front of the Rizal Monument: 1946, July. This was the Roxas inauguration; he re-took his oath as part of independence ceremonies.
   * Only one president delivered his inaugural address on a day other than the day of his swearing in: Osmeña delivered his inaugural address before the Cabinet on August 10, 1944; he was sworn in on August 1, 1944.
   * Only one president took his oath in Spanish: Emilio Aguinaldo in 1899.

2

   * Inaugurals held in Rizal Ceremonial Hall
         - Marcos in 1986 and Duterte in 2016; three decades apart.
   * Inaugurals held in Malolos
         - Aguinaldo in 1899 and Estrada in 1998.
   * Inaugural addresses delivered at the Quirino the Grandstand, while the swearing-in took place elsewhere
         - Estrada in 1998, after being sworn in at Malolos, Arroyo in 2004, before being sworn in at Cebu City.
    * Times the president took the oath of office abroad: Quezon in November 1943, when the government-in-exile was extended by congressional resolution; Sergio Osmeña in August 1944, when he succeeded to the presidency of the government-in-exile.
    * Presidents who took their oath on two bibles
        - Magsaysay and Marcos took their oath on two bibles each, in 1953 and 1965. Magsaysay’s came from his mother’s and father’s families; Marcos’ were from his father and the other, a gift of his wife.

3

    * Inaugurals held in front of the Legislative Building (now National Museum)
        - 1935 (Quezon), 1943 (Laurel), 1946 (Roxas, in May)
    * Presidents who attended the inaugural of their duly-elected successor:
        - Osmeña (1946, the first handover of power from one administration to its elected successor); C. Aquino (1992, to signify the completion of the restoration of the democratic process); Ramos (1998 as part of the Centennial celebrations)
    
     Rodrigo Roa Duterte will be the third president to be sworn in by a Filipino associate justice of the Supreme Court.

4

    * Number of presidents who took their oaths either on June 30 or December 30
    * Times presidents have been sworn in at the Palace: 1948 (Quirino, after Roxas died), 1957 (Garcia, after Magsaysay died), 1986 (Marcos, after Snap Election), 2016 (Duterte)
    * Most number of inaugural addresses: Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981, 1986). Second-most is Quezon (1935, 1941, 1943); Quirino (1948 and 1949), Garcia (March and December, 1957), Arroyo (2001 and 2004) each delivered two inaugural addresses each.
    * Four vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency also took their oaths on dates different from the traditional inaugural date: Osmeña (August 1, 1944); Quirino (April 17, 1948), Garcia (March 18, 1957), Arroyo (January, 2001).
    * Most number of times a president has taken the oath of office: four, for Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981 and 1986);  followed by three, for Quezon (1935 in Manila, 1941 in Corregidor, 1943 in Washington, D.C., also before three different individuals); Quirino (1948 in Malacañan Palace, 1949 at the Independence Grandstand); Garcia (1957, twice: upon succession in March in Malacañan Palace and in December at the Independence Grandstand); Arroyo (2001 in Quezon City, 2004 in Cebu).

5

    * Republics (1899, 1943, 1946, 1981 and 1987) and 1 Commonwealth (1935)
    Presidents who did not attend the inaugural of their duly-elected successor
        The tradition of the outgoing chief executive departing from the inaugural of his or her successor after the ride together from Malacañan Palace to the inaugural venue, began with President Quirino and continued for the premartial law era; it was restored in 2010. Thus: Quirino (1953), Garcia (1961), Macapagal (1965), Arroyo (2010), B. Aquino III (2016: If the 2010 practice is observed)
    * Rodrigo Roa Duterte will be the fifth president not sworn in by a chief justice (Quezon in 1943, Osmeña in 1944, C. Aquino in 1986, B. Aquino III in 2010, and Rodrigo Roa Duterte in 2016.
    * Laurel, Marcos, Ramos, Estrada, B. Aquino III took their oath in Tagalog/Filipino.

6

    * Inaugurals held outside Manila
        - 1899 Aguinaldo (Malolos); 1941 Quezon (Corregidor); 1986 C. Aquino (San Juan), 1998 Estrada (Malolos), 2001 Arroyo (EDSA Shrine), 2004 Arroyo (Cebu)
    * Times a Chief Justice has not administered oath of office
        - 1899 (Aguinaldo: oath administered by Speaker), 1943 (Quezon, administered by U.S. Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter), 1944 (administered by U.S. Associate Justice Hugo Jackson) 1986 (administered by Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee), 2010 (administered by Associate Justice Conchita Carpio-Morales), 2016 (administered by Associate Justice Bienvenido Reyes)
    * Presidents inaugurated on December 30
        - Six presidents (Quezon (1941), Quirino (1949), Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (1957), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965 and 1969) had inaugurals on December 30. Starting with Quezon’s second inaugural in 1941 until Marcos’ second inaugural in 1969 (with the exception of the special election called in 1946), presidents were inaugurated on Rizal Day, December 30. President Marcos in 1981 began the practice of inaugurals on June 30.
    * Rodrigo Roa Duterte will be the sixth president to take his oath of office on June 30: Marcos, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, B. Aquino III being the others.

7

    * The number of presidents-elect who fetched their predecessors from Malacañan Palace for the drive to the inaugural venue (Roxas and Osmeña in 1946; Magsaysay and Quirino in 1953; Macapagal and Garcia in 1961; Marcos and Macapagal in 1965; Ramos and C. Aquino in 1992; Estrada and Ramos in 1998; B. Aquino III and Arroyo in 2010).

8

    * Shortest inaugural address at a regular inaugural
        - Eight (8) minutes is the shortest delivery length of an inaugural address at a regular inaugural. This was delivered by President Ramon Magsaysay in 1953. The addresses of Quirino and Garcia upon the death of their predecessors, and C. Aquino’s address in 1986 were very brief but not regular inaugurals.
    * Presidents elected to a six-year term
        - Quezon, C. Aquino, Marcos (1981), Estrada, Arroyo, Ramos, B. Aquino III, Duterte
    * Decades since first ceremonial climbing of the stars at Malacañan Palace
        - It has been 81 years, to be exact, since the first ceremonial climbing of the stairs at Malacañan Palace–signifying that the chief executive was the freely-elected head of the Filipino people, one pledged to govern them with justice in contrast to the appointed colonial governors who formerly inhabited the Palace.
    * Number who did not swear on a bible
        - Aguinaldo (1899), Quezon (1935, 1941, 1943), Laurel (1943), Osmeña (1944), Roxas (May and July, 1946), Quirino [1949: But in the swearing-in after their predecessors died, Quirino (April 1948) and Garcia (March 1957) did not use a bible, either], and Marcos (1986).

9

    * Inaugurals at Quirino Grandstand (formerly known as Independence Grandstand)
       - 1949 (Quirino), 1953 (Magsaysay), 1957 (Garcia), 1961 (Macapagal) , 1965, 1969, 1981 (Marcos), 1992 (Ramos), 2010 (B. Aquino III)
    * Number of Presidents who swore on a bible
        - Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (1957), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981 but not in 1986), C. Aquino (1986), Ramos (1992), Estrada (1998), Arroyo (2001, 2004), B. Aquino III (2010: the same bible used by his mother in 1986).

10

    * Rodrigo Roa Durterte is the tenth to have been proclaimed president-elect by the legislature: the first was Manuel L. Quezon, followed by Manuel Roxas, Ramon Magsaysay, Diosdado Macapagal, Ferdinand E. Marcos, Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Benigno S. Aquino III. While Congress certified the election of Elpidio Quirino and Carlos P. Garcia, they had succeeded into office previously, and were already serving as president when elected to a full term: thus, were not referred to as presidents-elect. Aguinaldo and Laurel were not elected president in a national election, they were made president by a vote of the national assembly and thus never president-elect. Corazon Aquino assumed the presidency by means of the People Power Revolution and was not proclaimed by the Batasan Pambansa.
    * Rodrigo Roa Duterte, if he takes his oath on a bible, will be the tenth president to swear on a bible. Magsaysay was the first to take his oath on a bible: Garcia, Macapagal, Marcos, C. Aquino, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, B. Aquino III, followed suit. Aguinaldo, Quezon, Laurel, Osmeña, Roxas and Quirino (belonging to generations closer to the revolutionary era, did not take their oaths on a bible). Magsaysay and Marcos took their oath on two bibles each in 1953 and 1965.
    * Presidents who took their oath of office in English: Quezon, Osmeña, Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, Garcia, Macapagal, Aquino, and Arroyo took their oath in English. Rodrigo Roa Duterte is also expected to take his oath in English.

11

    * Number of Presidents who were sworn in by a Chief of Justice
         - Quezon (1935 and 1941), Laurel (1943), Roxas (1946, May and July), Quirino (1948 and 1949), Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (1957 March and December), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965, 1969, 1981 and 1986), Ramos (1992), Estrada (1998), Arroyo (2001 and 2004)
    * Number of Presidents inaugurated in Manila
        - Quezon (1935), Laurel (1943), Roxas (1946), Quirino (1949), Magsaysay (1953), Garcia (1957), Macapagal (1961), Marcos (1965), etc.), Ramos (1992), Aquino (2010), Duterte (2016)

12

    * Time of day the President-elect takes his oath as President
        - The President-elect takes his oath as President at 12:00 p.m. on the 30th day of June. Ideally, as per tradition, the incumbent would already be at home by the time the oath is taken to mark his reverting to being an ordinary citizen.
    * Presidents who undertook the ritual climbing of the stairs of Malacañan Palace: Quezon, Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, Garcia, Macapagal, Marcos, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, B. Aquino III. Rodrigo Roa Duterte is also expected to undertake this ritual. Four did not: Aguinaldo (no such ritual, and his inaugural was not in Manila) Laurel (to avoid comparisons to the Commonwealth), Osmeña (succeeded into office overseas), C. Aquino (assumed office under revolutionary circumstances).

14

    * Administrations have followed the model of inaugural established in 1935. Exceptions would be Aguinaldo (before the model was introduced).
    * Robredo is 14th Vice President because neither Aguinaldo nor Laurel had a vice presidency under their constitution.

15

    * The final official act of the 15th Congress was when the Senate President read the proclamation announcing the results of the 2010 elections, a practice last previously undertaken in 1969.

16

    * Duterte is 16th president because we count the administrations as starting with Aguinaldo in 1899 and including the Commonwealth and the 2nd Republic.

19

    * Number of times a Chief Justice has administered the presidential oath of office
        1935, 1941, 1943, 1946 (twice, in May and July), 1948, 1949, 1953, 1957 (twice, March and December), 1961, 1965, 1981, 1986, 1992, 1998, 2001, 2004


To view the photos of the past Philippine Presidential Inaugurations, check out the link below:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/govph/albums/72157655443855516

Information Taken From:

Philippine Presidential Museum and Library - http://malacanang.gov.ph/77352-quick-facts-on-inaugurals/


Photo Source:

The Quadrate Wordpress Blog - https://thequadrate.wordpress.com/2010/07/12/president-benigno-noynoy-aquino-iii-is-philippines-15th-president-photos/ 

Presidency and Vice-Presidency By The Numbers: Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Maria Leonor Gerona Robredo

Here's are the things you need to know about our upcoming 16th President and 14th Vice-President of the Philippines.

President Rodrigo "Digong" Duterte

From the time Congress proclaims a candidate as the duly-elected president, the candidate becomes known as the President-elect.

The Constitution is clear and specific: the title of the chief executive is “President of the Philippines,” and takes his oath of office as such, although in certain cases involving formal diplomatic usage, “President of the Republic of the Philippines” is used for diplomatic documents. The honorific for the President of the Philippines is “His/Your Excellency,” but the proper form of address is “Mr. President.”

Duterte’s winning margin was at 38.6% as of May 13, 2016. He was the sixth to win by plurality in presidential history since the restoration of democracy, and under the 1987 Constitution.  The biggest first-term landslide was Magsaysay in 1953 (68.9%), followed by Quezon in 1935 (67.99%). The biggest second term landslide was Quezon in 1941 (81.78%) followed by Marcos in 1969 (61.5%).


Fifth Republic President                 Percentage of Votes Won

Fidel V. Ramos                                         23.58%
Joseph Ejercito Estrada                            39.86%
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo                        39.99%
Benigno S. Aquino III                              42.08%                  



Aside from being the oldest duly elected President in the history of the Philippines at age 71 and making the biggest leap from City Mayor to President, here are some more statistical facts about the Philippines' next President:

Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the first:


First (1st):

    - President from Mindanao and Davao del Sur. Luzon has produced the most number of presidents at 12: Emilio Aguinaldo (Cavite), Manuel L. Quezon (Tayabas), Jose P. Laurel (Batangas), Elpidio Quirino (Ilocos Sur), Ramon Magsaysay (Zambales), Diosdado Macapagal (Pampanga), Ferdinand Marcos (Ilocos Norte), Corazon C. Aquino (Tarlac), Fidel V. Ramos (Pangasinan), Joseph Ejercito Estrada (San Juan, Metro Manila), Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (Pampanga), and Benigno S. Aquino III (Tarlac). Visayas has produced three: Sergio Osmeña (Cebu), Manuel Roxas (Capiz), and Carlos P. Garcia (Bohol).
    - Agusanon to become Philippine President (her mother is from Agusan del Norte)
    - President born in Maasin, Leyte.
    - City Mayor to become the President. Davao has been a chartered city since 1936.
    - President to be elected in his 70s. He is 71 years old, the oldest to assume the Presidency.
    - President to be nationally elected without a previous national position. Emilio Aguinaldo was not popularly elected, as he was only elected by the Malolos Congress in September 1898.
    - City prosecutor (fiscal) to become President. He was Special Counsel for the City Prosecution Office of Davao City (1977 – 1979), Fourth Assistant City Prosecutor (1979 – 1981), Third Assistant City Prosecutor (1981 – 1983), and Second Assistant City Prosecutor (1983 – 1986). He was, however, the third fiscal elected to the presidency. Manuel L. Quezon served as Provincial Fiscal of Mindoro in 1903 and Provincial Fiscal of Tayabas in 1904. Sergio Osmeña was Provincial Fiscal of Cebu from 1904 to 1905.
    - President who previously served as a vice mayor (OIC in 1986 and elected in 2010).
    - President to have studied in San Beda College of Law. He obtained his Law degree in 1972.
    - President to have studied in the Lyceum of the Philippines University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts, Major in Political Science in 1968.
    - President to have his marriage annulled. He was married to Elizabeth Abellana Zimmerman from 1973 to 2001. His current partner is Cielito “Honeylet” Avanceña.
    - President from Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-LABAN).
    - Duterte and Robredo form the first geographically “balanced” (North-South or Luzon-Visayas/Mindanao) President and Vice President in the Fifth Republic, with Duterte, who is from Davao City, representing the South while Robredo, a native of Camarines Sur, represents the North. However, they ran on different party tickets. The last geographically balanced pair was the Nacionalista Party ticket of Ferdinand E. Marcos (Ilocos Norte) and Fernando Lopez (Iloilo) in 1965.
    - President who rides motorcycles.

Second (2nd):

    - Cebuano to become President: his father, Vicente G. Duterte, was a lawyer from Cebu, while his mother Soledad Roa was a teacher and activist from Agusan del Norte. The last time the Philippines had a Cebuano President was 70 years ago, when Osmeña’s term ended in 1946.  He had assumed presidency in 1944 when he succeeded to the presidency following Quezon’s death from tuberculosis.
    - Non-resident of Metro Manila to be President. The first was Emilio Aguinaldo, who never resided in Provincia de Manila (Metro Manila area), having been occupied by the Americans since the early days of the American Colonial Period in 1898. All the others presidents actually lived in Metro Manila.

If he is inaugurated in the Ceremonial Hall:

    - President to be inaugurated in the Ceremonial Hall. The first was Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1986, before he fled to the United States.

Third (3rd):

    - Mayor to be elected President. Emilio Aguinaldo was the first, as capitan municipal of Cavite El Viejo (now Kawit, Cavite) in 1896, and the second was Joseph Ejercito Estrada, who was Mayor of San Juan from 1969 to 1986. Duterte was mayor of Davao City from 1986 to 1998, from 2001 to 2010, and from 2013 to 2016.

Fourth (4th):

    - President to have a March birthday (Mar. 28). The other three were Laurel (Mar. 9), Ramos (Mar. 18), and Aguinaldo (Mar. 22). Two presidents were born in January: Roxas (Jan. 1) and C. Aquino (Jan. 25); one in February: B. Aquino (Feb. 8); two in April: Arroyo (Apr. 5) and Estrada (Apr. 19); two in August: Quezon (Aug. 19) and Magsaysay (Aug. 31); three in September: Osmeña (Sep. 9), Marcos (Sep. 11), and Macapagal (Sep. 28); two in November: Garcia (Nov. 4) and Quirino (Nov. 16).
    - President to have children in government positions while he is the President. Inday Sara Duterte, the presidential daughter, was reelected as Mayor of Davao for 2016 to 2019. The first president to have children in a government post was Ferdinand E. Marcos, who had Ferdinand Marcos Jr. as the governor of Ilocos Norte from 1983 to 1986 under his presidency. At the same time, Marcos’ wife, Imelda Marcos, was also governor of Metro Manila from 1975 to 1986. Joseph Ejercito Estrada had his son  Jinggoy Estrada as Mayor of San Juan from 1998- 2001. Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo had his son Juan Miguel “Mikey” Arroyo as Representative of the 2nd District of Pampanga from 2004 – 2010 and Vice Governor of Pampanga from 2001- 2004.
    - Single President upon entering office. The other single Presidents were: Elpidio Quirino, Corazon Aquino and Benigno S. Aquino III.

Fifth (5th):

    - President to enroll in the Ateneo school system. Other presidents who studied in the Ateneo were: Ramos (Master in Business Administration, 1980), Estrada (Ateneo de Manila High School, attended until 1953), Macapagal- Arroyo (Master of Arts in Economics, 1978), and Aquino III (Bachelor of Arts in Economics, 1981). Duterte attended the Ateneo de Davao University High School.

Sixth (6th):

    - President of the Fifth Republic. Aguinaldo was the lone President of the First Republic; Quezon was the first President of the Commonwealth and Roxas was the last; Laurel was lone President of the Second Republic; Roxas was the first President of the Third Republic and Marcos, the last; Marcos was the first President of the Fourth Republic and Corazon Aquino, briefly served under the Fourth Republic but proclaimed a revolutionary government. The Fifth Republic came into being with the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, and Corazon Aquino, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, and Aquino III have been presidents of the Fifth Republic.
    - The previous republics are the First (Malolos, 1899-1901); Second (The Japanese Occupation, 1943- 1945); the Third (from independence in 1946 to 1972); the Fourth (the “New Republic” proclaimed in 1981).
    - President to be elected by plurality. Chronologically, the first was Garcia in 1957 with 41.3%. The rest were Ramos with 23.58% (the lowest plurality ever) in 1992; Estrada, 39.86% in 1998; Arroyo, 39.99% in 2004; and B. Aquino, 42.08% in 2010.
    - President to take his oath of office on 30th of June. Other Presidents include Ferdinand E. Marcos (1981), Fidel V. Ramos (1992), Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998), Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2004) and Benigno S. Aquino III (2010).
    - He received almost 16 million votes (38.6%); his winning margin was over 6 million (15.2%).
    - President who does not smoke. The other non-smoking Presidents were: Sergio Osmeña, Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino. Presidents Manuel L. Quezon, Manuel Roxas, Carlos P. Garcia, Joseph Estrada and Benigno S. Aquino were public smokers while Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo, Jose P. Laurel, Fidel V. Ramos, Diosdado Macapagal and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo were occasional smokers.

Seventh (7th):

    - President whose father served in a Philippine government post. His father Vicente Duterte was Mayor of Danao in Cebu (1946), Governor of Davao (1958-1969), and was Cabinet Secretary for General Services for President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1967). Other presidents who have had fathers in Philippine government posts were: Jose P. Laurel (father: Sotero Laurel, Malolos Congress, 1898); Ferdinand Marcos (father: Mariano Marcos, Congressman, 1925-1931); Corazon Aquino (father: Jose Cojuangco, Congressman, 1934-1946); Fidel Ramos (father: Narciso Ramos, Assemblyman later Congressman, 1934-1946, and Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 1965-1968), Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (father: Diosdado Macapagal, Congressman, 1949-1957; Vice President, 1957-1961; President, 1961-1965); Benigno Aquino III (father: Benigno Aquino Jr., Special Assistant to President Ramon Magsaysay, 1954; Special Assistant to President Carlos P. Garcia, 1957; Special Assistant to President Diosdado Macapagal, 1965; Mayor of Concepcion, Tarlac, 1955-1959; Vice Governor of Tarlac, 1959-1961; Governor of Tarlac, 1961-1967; Senator, 1967-1972).

Eighth (8th):

    - President to be elected in a six-year term in accordance with the constitutions that empowered them. The other presidents are Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 – 1941), Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992), Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998), Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2010), and Benigno S. Aquino III (June 30, 2010 to June 30, 2016). The presidents who were elected in a six-year term but did not get to finish them, were Ferdinand E. Marcos, who under the amended 1973 Constitution in 1981 would have served until 1987 but shortened his term to run in 1986 and was ousted in 1986 by the EDSA People Power Revolution, and Joseph Ejercito Estrada who, under the 1987 Constitution, would have served until 2004, when he stepped down under pressures from EDSA II.

Ninth (9th):

    - Lawyer president in history and the first lawyer president in the Fifth Republic. Other lawyer presidents include Manuel L . Quezon, who passed the Philippine Bar Exam in 1903, Jose P. Laurel in 1915, Sergio Osmeña in 1903, Manuel Roxas in 1913, Elpidio Quirino in 1915, Carlos P. Garcia in 1923, Diosdado Macapagal in 1936, and Ferdinand Marcos in 1939. Duterte passed the Bar in 1972.

Tenth (10th):

    - To be proclaimed President-elect by the Legislature.
    - Congressman to become President. The other presidents who served as Representatives in the Lower House were: Manuel L. Quezon (1907-1909), Osmeña (1907-1922), Roxas (1922-1934), Quirino (1919-1922), Magsaysay (1946-1950), Garcia (1925-1931), Macapagal (1949-1957), Marcos (1949-1959), and B. Aquino III (1998-2007). Arroyo is the only President to serve as Representative in the Lower House after her presidency (2010-2016).
    - President who was inaugurated into office without having been Vice President first. Aguinaldo was first and only President of the First Republic, Quezon was first President of the Commonwealth, Laurel was the first and only President of the Second Republic, Roxas was first president of the Third Republic, Magsaysay was Secretary of National Defense before becoming president, C. Aquino was a Housewife , F. Ramos was Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, and B. Aquino III was a Senator.

Vice President Maria Leonor “Leni” Robredo

Maria Leonor “Leni” Robredo is the fourteenth vice president of the Philippines. The vice-presidency was constitutionally established under the 1935 Constitution, and the line of vice-presidents begins with Sergio Osmena, elected to the position in 1935 and again in 1941. The vice-presidency was abolished under the 2nd Republic and during martial law, and then formally restored in the 4th and 5th Republics.

The list of vice-presidents is therefore 14: Sergio Osmeña, Elpidio Quirino, Fernando Lopez, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal, Emmanuel Pelaez, Fernando Lopez, Salvador H. Laurel, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Teofisto Guingona Jr., Manuel de Castro Jr., Jejomar Binay, and Leni Robredo. Lopez was the third and seventh vice-president because he was elected to the position under two different administrations (in 1949 and 1965 and again in 1969).

Here are some more statistical facts about the Philippines' next Vice President:

Leni Gerona Robredo is the first:


First (1st):

    - Vice President to hail from the Bicol Region (Camarines Sur).
    - Vice President to have studied in the University of Nueva Caceres College of Law. She obtained her Law Degree in 1992.

Second (2nd):

    - Widow who was elected as Vice President. Elpidio Quirino was the first widower to be elected in the post.
    - Woman vice president. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was the first, under the Estrada presidency from 1998 to 2001.
    - Vice President who held both Degrees in Law and Economics. Leni Robredo finished her Economics Degree from the University of the Philippines in 1986 and obtained her Law Degree from the University of Nueva Caceres in 1992. The first Vice President who was both lawyer and economist was Diosdado Macapagal who finished his Law Degree (1936), Master of Laws (1941), Doctor of Civil Laws (1947) and his Doctorate in Economics (1957) from the University of Santo Tomas.
    - Robredo won by the second narrowest margin of victory ever recorded for a national post in Philippine electoral history, beating Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. by 0.5% or around 200,000 votes (based on the partial and unofficial count of PPCRV). The slimmest margin of victory ever recorded was during the 1965 vice presidential elections, when Nacionalista candidate Fernando Lopez won against Liberal ticket Gerardo “Gerry” Roxas by 0.4% or less than 27,000 votes.

Third (3rd):

    - Vice President to obtain an economics degree. Leni Robredo finished her Economics Degree from the University of the Philippines in 1986. The other Vice Presidents who held a Degree in Economics were:  Diosdado Macapagal who finished his doctorate of economics from the University of Santo Tomas in 1957. And his daughter, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo who obtained her economics degree from the  Assumption College (1968); Masters of Arts in Economics from the  Ateneo de Manila University (1978) and her Doctorate in Economics from the University of the Philippines (1985).
    - Vice President to be nationally elected without a previous national position prior to the vice presidency, Robredo was elected Representative of the 3rd District of Camarines Sur (2013- 2016), Binay was Mayor of Makati City (2007 – 2010), and Macapagal was Representative of the First District of Pampanga (1949-1957).

Fourth (4th):

    - Vice President who was born in the month of April. Leni Robredo was born on April 23, 1965. The other Vice Presidents who were born in the month of April were: Fernando Lopez (April 13, 1904), Joseph Estrada (April 19, 1937), and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (April 5, 1947).
    - Youngest Vice President in Philippine history. The youngest person to be elected in the Vice Presidency was Fernando Lopez at the age of 45 in 1949. He was followed by Emmanuel Pelaez (46), Diosdado Macapagal (47), and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Leni Robredo at the age of 51. The oldest to have been Vice President was Teofisto Guingona Jr., when he was appointed to the Vice Presidency in 2001 at the age of 72.

Fifth (5th):

    - Vice President who was not the running mate of an elected President. The first was Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal Vice President of Nacionalista President Carlos P. Garcia back in 1957. The other pairs were Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas-NUCD) and Joseph Ejercito Estrada (NPC), Estrada (PMP) and Arroyo (Lakas-NUCD), and Benigno S. Aquino III (LP) and Jejomar Binay (PDP-Laban)
    - Vice President from the Liberal Party. The other Liberal Party members who have won the Vice Presidency were: Elpidio Quirino (1946), Fernando Lopez (1949), Diosdado Macapagal (1957) and Emmanuel Pelaez (1961).
    - Vice President elected who was not the running mate of the elected President. The other Vice Presidents elected who were not the running mates of the President-elect were: Diosdado Macapagal, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and Jejomar Binay.

Sixth (6th):

    - Vice President who served previously as member of the House of Representatives. Other vice presidents were: Osmeña (Representative of the 2nd District of Cebu, 1907 – 1922), Quirino (Representative of the 1st District of Ilocos, 1919 – 1922), Garcia (Representative of the third district of Bohol, 1925-1931), Macapagal (Representative of the 1st District of Pampanga, 1949 -1957), and Pelaez (Representative of Misamis Oriental, 1949 – 1953). Robredo was elected Representative of the 3rd District of Camarines Sur from 2013  to 2016.

Seventh (7th):

    - Vice president who graduated from the University of the Philippines System. Other vice presidents from the UP were: Quirino (Bachelor of Laws, 1915), Macapagal (Associate in Arts,1933), Pelaez (Associate in Arts, 1933). Laurel (Bachelor of Laws, 1952), Macapagal-Arroyo (Doctorate in Economics, 1985), Binay (Bachelor of Laws, 1967). Robredo graduated from the University of the Philippines Diliman in 1986 with a Bachelor’s degree in Economics.
    Vice President to be elected to a six-year term. The other Vice Presidents were: Sergio Osmeña, Salvador Laurel, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Manuel de Castro Jr. and Jejomar Binay.

Eighth (8th):

    - Vice President to win by plurality. Chronologically, the first was Diosdado Macapagal (46.6% in the 1957 Elections), followed by Pelaez with 38% in 1961, Lopez with 48.1% in 1965, Estrada with 33% in 1992, Macapagal-Arroyo with 50% in 1998, de Castro with 49.8% in 2004, and Binay with 41.7% in 2010.
    Eight months after her declaration of candidacy, Leni Robredo will be inaugurated as the 14th Vice President of the Philippines on June 30, 2016.

Ninth (9th):

    - Lawyer vice president in history and the fourth lawyer vice president in the Fifth Republic. Other lawyer vice presidents were: Sergio Osmeña (University of Santo Tomas 1903),  Elpidio Quirino (University of the Philippines, 1915), Fernando Lopez (University of Santo Tomas, 1925), Carlos P. Garcia (Philippine Law School, 1923), Diosdado Macapagal (University of Santo Tomas, 1936), Emmanuel Pelaez (University of Manila, 1938), Salvador Laurel (University of the Philippines, 1952), Teofisto Guingona Jr. (Ateneo de Manila University, 1953), Jejomar Binay (University of the Philippines, 1967. Robredo obtained her law degree from the University of Nueva Caceres in 1992.

    - Vice President who was born in Luzon. The other Vice Presidents from Luzon were: Elpidio Quirino (Ilocos Sur), Diosdado Macapagal (Pampanga), Salvador Laurel (Manila), Joseph Estrada (Manila), Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (Manila), Teofisto Guingona (Rizal), Manuel de Castro (Oriental Mindoro) and Jejomar Binay (Manila).

Tenth (10th):

    Vice President to be proclaimed Vice President-elect by the legislature: the first was Sergio Osmeña, followed by Elpidio Quirino, Fernando Lopez, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Manuel de Castro Jr. and Jejomar Binay.


Information Taken From:

Philippine Presidential Museum and Library - http://malacanang.gov.ph/77212-presidency-and-vice-presidency-by-the-numbers-duterte-robredo/


Photo Source:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Facebook Page - https://www.facebook.com/140660295978242/photos/?tab=album&album_id=368030976574505

Malacañan Palace Facebook Page - https://www.facebook.com/153052724723009/photos/?tab=album&album_id=289115291116751

Authors Of The Philippine Constitutions

Malolos Delegates to the 1898 Malolos Constitution

Opening Of Malolos Congress

Here are the authors of Philippine constitutions through time and the date of the draft:


Name of Constitution                               Written By                              Date

Biak na Bato Constitution                   Isabelo Artacho,                         1897
                                                               Felix Ferrer 

Makabulos Constitution               Gen. Francisco Makabulos               1898

Constitution of Aguinaldo's              Ambrosio Rianzares                     1898
Dictatorial Government                            Bautista

Constitution of the 
Revolutionary Government              Apolinario Mabini                        1898

Malolos Constitution                          Felipe Calderon                          1898

National Constitution of the
Philippine Islands                             Cayetano Arellano                       1900

Constitution of the Free State      California Members of the
of 1900                                        Anti-Imperialist League of                1900
                                                             America


Constitution for a Free State of
the Philippines                                  Pedro A. Paterno                         1900

Constitution of the Tagalog                                                   November 12, 1901 -
Republic                                          Macario Sakay                   March 25, 1902

Philippine Bill of 1902                                                                         1902

Constitution of the Rizaline
Republic                                         Artemio Ricarte                  March 31,1913

Jones Law                                                                                            1916

1935 Constitution                      1934 Constitutional                          1935
                                                         Convention

1943 Constitution                                                                               1943

1973 Constitution                     1973 Constitutional                          1973
                                                       Convention                                  

1986 Constitution                    1986 Constitutional                           1986
                                                       Convention                                              



Photo Sources:

kahimyang.info
msc.edu.ph
Malacanang Presidential Library Official tumblr.com account

Other Philippine Geography and History Trivia

Bagobo Tribe during the American occupation 

Bridge of Spain, Manila 1899 

Tamblot 

These are some more tidbits of trivia:

Different Stages of Philippines Republic:

First Republic - Kawit, Cavite - June 12, 1898
Second Republic - Japanese Puppet Republic - September 25, 1943
Third Republic - July 4, 1946 - Manuel Roxas as President
Fourth Republic - September 21, 1972 - Bagong Lipunan (New Society)
Fifth Republic - June 30, 1981, New Republic

Bacolor, Pampanga - made by the Spaniards as the capital of the Philippines in 1762 when Manila was captured by the British and ruled the Philippines for two years.

Pantaleon Perez - other name of Juan de la Cruz Palariz, the leader of the second Pangasinan revolt

Tarlac - melting pot of Luzon because it is the home of province of different ethno-linguistic groups

Mindoro - named as the island of Mai by the Chinese historian, Chau-Ju-Kua in 1225.

Cotabato - Rice Granary of Mindanao

Nueva Caceres - former name of Naga City. Founded in 1593 as one of the oldest settlements in the Philippines

Catanduanes - known as the Island of the Eastern Sea and Land of the Howling Winds because of its location which is directly on the path of the typhoon belt.

Romblon - known for its rich marble deposits of commercial value

Calbayog City - city of Western Samar which got its name from a tree called "Bayog" from which "cal" (Spanish word for lime) was extracted and used for church-building

Agusan - got its name from the word "agus" meaning flow of water from the Agusan River. It was once a part of the old province of Surigao

Bukidnon - province whose name means people of the mountains from the tribe which inhabited the plateaus of Northern Mindanao. The country's top producer of pineapple.

Batanes, Camiguin, Palawan and Siquijor - considered as the most beautiful island provinces in the Philippines

Rio Grande de Mindanao - second largest river in the Philippines

Mount Diwata - found in the province of Surigao del Sur

Manuel Roxas - founded the Philippines Herald, the first Filipino daily newspaper in English

Turrumba Festival - religious fiesta at Pakil, Laguna in which devotees fall on their knees or stumbles as they follow the images of Our Lady of Sorrows, Patroness of Pakil, in a religious procession around the town

Sta. Maria, Calamiugan, Cagayan - where the oldest bell in the Philippines is found

Paradise Island - scenic spot found in the province of Tarlac

Caves of Bathala - an attraction in the province of Marinduque

Beaches in Leyte are named after different colors - red, blue, white etc.

La Naval de Manila - candlelit procession held in honor of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary to commemorate the Filipino - Spanish victory over the Dutch forces in October 3, 1646  Battle of Manila. Held every 2nd Sunday of October.

Nuestra Señora del Pilar (Our Lady of Pillar) - Patroness of Zamboanga City, known for her miraculous intervention against raids and foreign invasions during the Spanish regime.

Juan Ronquillo - Commander of the Spanish fleet which defeated the Dutch fleet under Admiral Jan Derickson Lam at the Battle of Playa Honda

Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas - Spanish Governor-General who was treacherously killed by the Chinese pirates in Sulphor Point, Batangas on October 25, 1593

Governor Fernando de Bustamante - Spanish Governor General who was murdered by the friars and some residents in Manila as a result of his imprisonment of Archbishop Francisco Cuesta.

Manila Grand Opera House - where the first Philippine Assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907

Liwasang Bagong Lipunan  - the name of Rizal Park under the Marcos Administration

Kiangan - town north of Baguio City where General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrendered his army to the Filipino-American forces

Juan de Camus - discovered the image of the Holy Infant Jesus in an unburned Cebuano home

Roxas City - second Spanish settlement in the Philippines

Fort Pilar - former name of Zamboanga

Melbourne, Australia - where General MacArthur made his promise that he "shall return" to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese

Negros - first provincial government established by the Americans

Second Philippines Commission or the Taft Commission - established the public school system with English as medium of instruction

OSROX Mission - independent mission composed of Osmeña and Roxas which brought the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill

Maura Law of 1893 - gave the citizens of a municipality with not less than 1,000 taxpayers, the right to elect the members of their municipal council to make laws for their municipality

Fr. Mariano Gil of Tondo - discovered the secrets of the Katipunan as told by Teodoro Patiño to his sister Honoria

Governor General Narciso Claveria - ordered the correction of the calendar in the year 1844.

Battle of Besang Pass- longest battle in the liberation of the Philippines fought by the Filipino guerillas and American soldiers against the Japanese during World War II where President Marcos was considered as the most decorated hero.

Fort Bonifacio, Taguig - became the new name of Camp Murphy which headquarters the Philippine Army

Cesar Bengson - first Filipino to be elected to the World Court or International Court of Justice

Dr. Jesus Tamesis - first Filipino to be elected President of the World Medical Association

Caballo Bay - where relics of a wrecked Spanish Galleon were found

The significance of number 17 in Philippine History:

Our country was discovered by Ferdinand Magellan on March 17, 1521
Luzon is the 17th largest island in the world
There are 17 Articles in our 1973 Constitution
It took 17 months for the delegates of the 1971 Constitutional Convention to draft our 1973 Constitutional Convention.
January 17 is our Constitution Day
Our 1973 Constitution was announced ratified on January 17, 1973 by President Marcos
Martial Law was lifted on January 17, 1981.
Pope John Paul II visited the Philippines on February 17, 1981.
President Ramon Magsaysay died on a plane crash on March 17, 1957.


Authors or Writers of Different Philippine Constitutions:

        NAME                                             Author / Writer                                    Date

Biak-na-Bato Constitution               Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer                      1897

Makabulos Constitution                   Gen. Francisco Makabulos                               1898

Constitution of Aguinaldo's
Dictatorial Government                   Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista                            1898

Constitution of Aguinaldo's
Revolutionary Government              Apolinario Mabini                                            1898

Malolos Constitution                       Felipe Calderon                                                 1898

National Constitution of
Philippine Islands                            Cayetano Arellano                                             1900

Constitution of the Free State
of 1900                                         California Members of the
                                                    Anti-Imperialist League of America                      1900

Constitution for a Free State
of the Philippines                            Pedro Paterno                                                     1900

Constitution of the Tagalog
Republic                                        Macario Sakay                                   November 12, 1901  -
                                                                                                                  March 25, 1902

Philippine Bill of 1902                             -                                                                 1902

Constitution of the
Rizaline Republic                            Artemio Ricarte                                          March 31, 1913

Jones Law of 1916                                                                                                      1916

1935 Constitution                           1934 Constitutional Convention                          1935

1972  Constitution                          1972 Constitutional Convention                          1972

1986 Constitution                           1986 Constitutional Convention                          1986



Antonio de Pigafetta - historian or chronicler of Magellan's expedition
Fr. Andres de Urdaneta - historian or chronicler of Legaspi's expedition


Hudhud and Alim - epic poems of the Ifugaos
Biag ni Lam-ang - epic poems of the Ilocanos
Handiong - epic poem of the Bicolanos
Hinilawod and Humadapnon - epic poems of the Panay Island's Ati people
Bantugan, Indarapatra and Sulayman, Bidasari and Parang-Sabil - epic poems of the Muslims
Darangan - epic poem of the Maranaws

Islas de Ladrones or Island of Thieves in English - name given by Magellan to what is now Marianas Islands because some of the natives stole one of his boats.

Tendaya - former name of Leyte

Cumplase - right of the Governor-General to suspend the operation of a Royal decree or order relative to the Philippines if in his opinion the said order or decree would not be beneficial to the administration of the country

Indulto de Comercio - right given to Spanish government officials to engage in trade

Xylography - first printing press in the Philippines introduced by the Dominicans

Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose - introduced the movable type of printing press called typography in 1602


Admiral Van Noort - leader of the first Dutch fleet which fought against the Spanish squadron headed by Antonio de Morga in the 1600 Battle of Manila Bay.

Tribute - paid by Filipinos who are above 16 yrs. and below 60 years old to the Spanish government. Abolished in 1884 and replaced by cedula personal (residence certificate class A).


1811 - last voyage of the Galleon Trade

Situado - annual financial aid sent to the Philippines by the Mexican government to save the Philippine colonial government from bankruptcy (average of about P250,000)

Sinibaldo de Mas - sent by the King of Spain to study the commercial condition of the Philippines and has recommended the abolition of the tobacco monopoly and the opening of more ports for foreign trade

1882 - abolition of tobacco monopoly

1873 - telegraph was introduced in the Philippines

1890 - telephone was introduced in the Philippines. First telephone service outside Manila was in Iloilo in 1891.

Antillean - type of house introduced by the Spaniards in the Philippines which was either rectangular or square, made of first class wood such as narra, ipil or molave

Magalat - led the Cagayan revolt in 1596

Bancao - chieftain of Limasawa who led the Leyte revolt in 1622

Pedro Ladia - native of Borneo who led the revolt in Malolos, Bulacan

Juan Sumuroy - led the 1649 revolt in Palapag, Samar because of forced labor

Francisco Maniago - led the Pampanga Revolt in 1660

Andres Malong - led the 1660 Pangasinan Revolt and proclaimed himself "King of Pangasinan"

Juan de la Cruz Palariz - led the 1762 Pangasinan Revolt

Apolinario de la Cruz ( or Hermano Pule) - founder of Cofradia de San Jose, a religious brotherhood, who led a religious revolt in Lukban, Quezon in 1840.  Called as the "King of the Tagalogs" by the people of his province.

Rafael de Izquierdo - Spanish governor general who replaced Carlos Maria de la Torre in 1871 and ruled the Philippines with a cross in one hand and a sword in the other.

Lodge Revolucion - Filipino  masonic lodge founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona, Spain in 1889

Governor General Ramon Blanco - placed under Martial Law the first eight provinces which rose up in arms against Spain - Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija - through a decree issued on August 30, 1896

Governor General Fermin Jaudenes - made a secret agreement with American Commodore Dewey and General Merritt that he would surrender Manila to the Americans after staging a mock battle.

Marcha Filipina Magdalo - original title of the Official March of the Philippines composed by Julian Felipe which later became the Philippine National Anthem

Lazaro Segovia - a Spaniard who helped the Americans to capture Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela

Spooner Amendment - basis of the civil government in the Philippines and sponsored by United States senator John Spooner

Cuban Constitution - copied by Artacho and Ferrer for the Biak-na-Bato Constitution

Sulu Sea - the country's most productive fishing ground

June 24, 1571 - City of Manila was formally established

Sioco - Chinese pirate and Limahong's military commander who attacked Manila and killed Martin de Goiti, Legaspi's Master of Camp

November 19, 1595 - Manila was designated as the capital of the Philippines

Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario (College of the Most Holy Rosary) - old name of the University of Santo Tomas

Franciscan nuns - established the first convent in the Philippines

Paragua Island - former name of Palawan

1698 - encomienda system was abolished

Archbishop Manuel A. Rojo - acting governor general of Manila who surrendered Manila to the British

Francis Drake - commander of the British Fleet who acted as Governor General of Manila on  October 10, 1762 after the Spanish defeat in the Battle of Manila Bay.

December 25, 1762 - Known as the Red Christmas of 1762 when the Filipino and Spanish churchgoers were killed by Chinese rebels on Christmas eve in a church in Guagua, Pampanga

Simon de Anda y Salazar - regained the city of Manila from the British

1767 - establishment of the first postal service system in the Philippines

July 12, 1767 - Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines on orders of King Charles III

1782 - Royal decree was issued establishing schools all over the Philippines

February 14, 1810 - Royal decree was issued providing for Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes

February 3, 1827 - establishment of the first "Obras Pias," or insurance company

Colgante Bridge - former name of the Quezon bridge connecting Manila proper to the district of Quiapo

December 19, 1863 - primary education for children from 7 to 12 years old was made compulsory

Lope K. Santos - known as the "Father of Pilipino grammar  (Balarilang Pilipino).

Official Gazette - first American newspaper in the Philippines

March 26, 1920 - Philippine Flag was adopted as the official flag of the Philippines

KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) - single political party allowed to exist during the Japanese Occupation

September 2, 1945 - formal surrender of Japan to the Allied Powers

Los Baños, Laguna - where General Yamashita was hanged as a war criminal on February 23, 1946

November 8, 1947 - first local elections held in the Philippines

May 14, 1935 - first national referendum was held to ratify the Philippine Constitution

Davaokuo - Japanese community in Davao in the 1930s

Kempeitai - Japanese military police during World War II

Kura - most feared Japanese word during World War II

Col. Macario Peralta - leader of the guerillas in Panay during the Japanese Occupation

Kalibo War Bulletin - most widely distributed guerilla newspaper in Panay during World War II

Ang Tigbatas - guerilla newspaper published by Tomas Confesor which survived the war and became the principal reading matter of the people in Panay.

First Battle of Philippine Seas - took place near the Marianas Islands on June 19 - 20, 1944

Gustavus von Overbeck and Alfred Dent - owners of the North Borneo Company to whom the Sultan of Sulu rented the North Borneo (Sabah)

USS Maine - American warship whose sinking at Havana, Cuba, caused the Spanish-American War

Henry Allen Cooper - United States Congressman who sponsored the Philippine Bill of 1902 which was established the Philippine Assembly. He defended his bill by reciting Rizal's poem "Mi Ultimo Adios".

Civil Service Act (Act No. 5) - law enacted by the Philippine Commission on September 19, 1900 which required all prospective government employees to take a competitive examination that would give them eligibility.

September 29, 1855 - when the Port of Iloilo was opened to foreign trade

Sugar - first export of Iloilo to Australia


Pen Names used by the Katipuneros in writing to the Kalayaan, the Katipunan Official Newspaper:

1. Bonifacio - Agap-ito Bagumbayan
2. Jacinto - Dimas-Ilaw
3. Dr. Pio Valenzuela - Madlang-Away


Cagayan - the most rebellious region in the Philippines during the early years of the Spanish rule

Basi Revolt - caused by the government's order prohibiting the Ilocanos to make their native wine "basi"

El Filibusterismo - novel by Rizal dedicated in memory of the three martyred priests: Burgos, Gomez, Zamora

Four Martyrs of Katipunan,  Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite, Twelve Martyrs of Bicol and Nineteen Martyrs of Aklan - the first martyrs of Philippines Revolution

General Martin Delgado - commanded the Visayan patriots in the defense of Iloilo City against the Spanish and American forces. He became Iloilo's first provincial governor in 1901.

Teodoro Sandiko - the oldest delegate to the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1935

Wenceslao Q. Vinzon - youngest delegate to the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1935

Gregorio Perfecto - signed the approved Philippine Constitution of 1935 with his own blood

Tomas Cabili of Lanao - the only delegate who voted NO to the approved Constitution of 1935

Carmen Planas - first woman Councilor of Manila

Elisa R. Ochoa - first woman to become a member of the Congress of the Philippines

September 17, 1935 - national election for the officials of the Philippine Commonwealth

Capt. Jesus Villamor - first Filipino pilot to win honors for his fight against the Japanese planes over the skies in Batangas.

Ramon Magsaysay - first Philippine president to wear Barong Tagalog in a Presidential inauguration

American soldiers - first English teachers of the Filipinos 

Order of Sikatuna - highest civilian award given by the Philippine government to a foreign national for a worthy and outstanding services rendered to the Filipino people


Mai - name given to the Philippines by the Chinese traders meaning "Land of Barbarians"

Y'ami isle - northernmost point in the Philippines

Saluag isle - southernmost point in the Philippines

Sierra Madre mountains - longest mountain range in the Philipines

Cagayan Valley - largest valley in the Philippines

Cagayan River - longest river in the Philippines

Laguna de Bay - largest lake in the Philippines

Dowell Pearl - world's largest pearl found in the waters of Palawan


Basi - Ilocano wine
Pangasi - Visayan wine
Lambanog - Tagalog wine
Tapuy - Igorot wine

Kumintang - Tagalog love dance
Binaylan - Manobo courtship dance
Sagayan - Maranaw war dance
Kinnoton - Ilocano ants' dance
Uya-uy - Ifugao courtship dance
Tadek - Tinggian love dance
Kandingan - Muslim wedding dance

Buglas - former name of Negros
Himal-us - former name of Guimaras

Ancient Gods and Goddesses:

Idianalo - Tagalog goddess of agriculture
Sidapa - Visayan god of death
Apolaki - Pangasinan war god
Dal-lang - Ilocano goddess of beauty
Kidul - Kalinga god of thunder
Darago - Bagobo war god
Kolyog - Ifugao god of earthquakes
Lalahon - Visayan goddess of volcanoes

Maganito - sacrifices offered to the anitos of the ancient Filipinos

Katalona or Babaylan -  priest or priestess of the ancient Filipinos

Odom - ancient amulet of the ancient Filipinos that could make its possessor invisible to the human eye

Wiga - ancient charm that enable any person to cross a river without getting wet


Ancient Names Of The Ancient Visayan Calendar:

Days of the Week

Monday - Tigburokad
Tuesday - Dumasun
Wednesday - Dukotdukot
Thursday - Baylobaylo
Friday - Danghus
Saturday - Hinguthingot
Sunday - Ligidligid


Months

January - Ulalong
February - Dagangkahoy
March - Dagangbulan
April - Kiling
May - Himabuyan
June - Kabay
July - Hidapdapon
August - Lubadlubad
September - Kangurolsol
October - Bagyobagyo
November - Panglut nga Diutay
December - Panglut nga Daku

Tumunoh - Ifugao calendar keeper

piloncitos - ancient coins of our ancestors

Sri Vijaya and Madjapahit Empires - through these empires, India's cultural influences reached the Philippines

Sulu and Visayas - main centers of Sri Vijaya influence in the Philippines

Abu Bakr - first Muslim sultan of Jolo

Sharif Kabungsuan - first Muslim sultan of Mindanao

Pacific Ocean - was named by Magellan "pacific" because of its calm waters

Watering Place of Good Signs - name given by Magellan to Homonhon because they found some traces of gold

City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus - name given to the city of Cebu by Legazpi

Distinguished and Ever Loyal Noble City - name given to Manila by King Philip II of Spain and later the same title bestowed to Iloilo City by Queen Regent Maria Cristina of Spain making it her favorite city thus the moniker "Queen City of the South"

Capt. Juan de Salcedo - called as the "Hernando Cortes of the Philippines"

Residencia - an investigation of a government official at the end of his term of office to find out how he behaved while in power during the Spanish colonial period

Polo - forced labor during the Spanish regime
Polista - person who rendered forced labor
Falla - sum of money paid to exempt a person from forced labor

Local governments during the Spanish Period:

Alcaldia - province under the alcalde mayor
Pueblo - town under the gobernadorcillo or capitan
Ayuntamiento - city under the alcalde
Barangay - barrio or local community village under the Cabeza de Barangay

Msgr. Ignacio de Santibañez - first Archbishop of Manila
Boleta - a ticket representing the right of the holder to take part in the galleon trade
Obras Pias - funds donated by rich persons for pious or charitable purposes

Capt. Alejandro Malaspina - conducted the first Geodetic survey of the Philippines
Francisco Lacsamana - greatest Filipino hero during the Chinese revolts who crushed the Chinese rebels in Antipolo

Duplo - a poetical debate held by trained men and women on the ninth or last night of the mourning for the dead

Bellocos and Bellacas - participants in the duplo

Cariñosa, Surtido, Fandanggo and Jota - popular folk dances during the Spanish times

Fr. Geronimo Aguilar - first music teacher of the Filipinos
Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios - wrote the first work on Philippine flora (flowers)
Banco Español Filipino  - first government bank in the Philippines

Fr. Pedro Pelaez - championed the rights of the Filipino priests

Baler, Quezon - last Spanish outpost to surrender to the Filipinos under Lieutenant Colonel Simon Tecson

El Nuevo Dia - famous provincial newspaper founded and edited by Sergio Osmeña in Cebu
Major Manuel Sityar - director of the Military Academy of the First Philippine Republic in Malolos, Bulacan

General Jose Paua - the only Chinese general in the Philippine Revolution
General Licerio Geronimo - leader of the Filipino troops which killed Gen. Henry C. Lawton in the Battle of San Mateo

Gen. Vicente  Lukban - leader of the Filipino troops which massacred the 3 officers and 43 soldiers of the American garrison in Balangiga, Samar
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar  - hero of Tirad Pass and was called Leonidas of the Philippines

Januario Galut - Filipino traitor who led the American soldier to a secret path in Tirad Pass which resulted to the death of General Gregorio del Pilar

Melecio Severino - first Filipino to be elected as provincial governor under the American Occupation

Frank W. Carpenter - first American civilian to become Governor of Mindanao and Sulu

Luke E. Wright - first Democratic governor - general of the Philippines

James F. Smith - first Catholic American governor-general of the Philippines
Gregorio Araneta - first Filipino to be named as head of an executive department under the American Occupation

Gen. Leonard Wood - first American governor of the Moro province

Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo - first Filipino Resident Commissioners to the US Congress in Washington D.C.

Governor General Francis Burton Harrison - Filipinized the government service by appointing Filipinos to government offices whenever vacancies occur

Jones Law of 1916 - sponsored by US Congressman William Atkinson Jones, it declared that Philippine independence shall be granted by the United States as soon as a stable government is established in the Philippines

Tomas Claudio - First Filipino hero to die in World War I in the battlefield of France under the American flag

Centro Escolar University - oldest university for women, founded by Librada Avelino in 1907
Silliman University  - first Protestant university located in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental and was founded by Dr. David S. Hibbard in 1901.

Dr. David P. Barrows - first Director of Education in the Philippines

Isabelo de los Reyes - founded the first labor union in the Philippines called Union Obrera Democratica Filipina

Act No. 1818 - law passed by the Philippine Assembly on April 30, 1908 which declared May 1st of each year as Labor Day

Msgr. P.L. Chapelle - first Apostolic delegate to the Philippines

Most Reverend Jeremiah J. Harty - first American Archbishop of Manila
Msgr. Bernardino Nozaleda - last Spanish Archbishop of Manila

Right Reverend Jorge Barlin - first Filipino priest to become bishop during the American regime

Tacloban, Leyte - first municipal government to be restored after the war

Paul V. McNutt - last United States High Commissioner and the first United States ambassador to the Philippines

Senator Salipada K. Pendatun - first Muslim Senator of the Philippines

Salih Ututalum - first Muslim Superintendent of Schools

Badu Dangwa - first Igorot Governor of Mountain Province

Bai Bagungan Inok of Buluan, Cotabato - first woman municipal mayor in the Philippines

Rufino Cardinal Santos - first Filipino Cardinal of the Catholic Church

Mrs. Emilia S. Cavan - organized the first recital of Filipino folk songs at the Manila Grand Opera House in 1919. Her book "Filipino Folk Songs" was the first published collection of our folk songs

Dr. Eliseo Pajaro - composed the symphony "Life of Lam-ang" based on the Ilocano epic poem

Lt. Col. Antonio Buenaventura - conductor of the PC Band who popularized the Muslim folk songs in his composition "Mindanao Orchids"

Dr. Paulino J. Garcia - first Chairman of the National Science and Development Board



Photo Sources: 


Dabawenyong Lumad - https://dabawenyonglumad.wordpress.com/2012/10/04/head-kerchief/ 

Flickr.com 

Manila Nostalgia - http://www.lougopal.com/manila/?paged=39